“Digestion is the process of breaking food down into the nutrients your body can use. It starts at your mouth and finishes at the end of the terminal ileum (small intestine),” explains Dr, Lee.

“Seeing and smelling food is what kick-starts the process. In response, your body starts making extra saliva, which contains enzymes that initiate digestion,” she adds. “Once you get the food chewed and swallowed, the real work begins in the stomach.”

In your stomach, the food mixes with those digestive juices, creating a watery concoction that passes into the small bowel. “The small bowel’s walls absorb needed nutrients and water,” says Dr. Lee. “The colon (large bowel) then takes what your body didn’t use and prepares to get rid of it through a bowel movement.”

How long does food take to digest?

Dr. Lee says the entire digestive process can take several hours. Food generally stays in your stomach between 40 and 120-plus minutes. Then add another 40 to 120 minutes for time spent in the small bowel.

“The denser the food, meaning the more protein or fat it has, the longer it takes to digest,” notes Dr. Lee.

“Simple carbohydrates, such as plain rice, pasta or simple sugars, average between 30 and 60 minutes in the stomach,” she adds. “But if you put a thick layer of peanut butter on toast, or layer avocado and eggs, it can take upwards of between two to four hours to leave your stomach. Throw in a piece of bacon and it’s even longer.”

How long does it take water to digest?

Liquids leave the stomach faster because there is less to break down:

• Plain water: 10 to 20 minutes.
• Simple liquids (clear juices, tea, sodas): 20 to 40 minutes.
• Complex liquids (smoothies, protein shakes, bone broths): 40 to 60 minutes.

Factors that affect how long digestion takes

Dr. Lee cautions, though, that these times are estimates. How long it takes to digest food varies depending on:

• Your body type.
• Your metabolism.
• Medications you take.
• Types of food you eat.
• Level of physical activity overall exercise fitness.
• Living a sedentary versus physically active lifestyle.
• Past surgeries you’ve endured.
• Stress level.

“Genetics and age matter, too. Some people are born with faster metabolisms,” says Dr. Lee. “And as we get older, our metabolism and motility slow down. People also start developing medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Medications for these conditions can delay digestion.”

Medications and supplements that may affect how long digestion takes include:

• Arthritis medications.
• Anticholinergics.
• Antidepressants.
• Antispasmodic medications.
• Diabetes medications.
• Oral contraceptives.
• Parkinson’s disease medications.

Is it possible to tell when your stomach is empty?

Just because you feel hungry doesn’t mean your stomach is on “E,” says Dr. Lee.

“Our hunger cues can be hormonally regulated, so if you have a high level of hunger hormones floating around, you may feel hungry -- even if your stomach is full,” she says.

“Some medications, like prednisone, increase your appetite by increasing the appetite-stimulating hormones. That means you may feel hungrier more often when taking these medications, even if you had enough to eat.”

Your perception of these sensations is also highly individual. “The classic example is a heart attack,” Dr. Lee adds. “Many people have bonafide heart attacks but didn’t notice any chest pain. Likewise, some people experience chest pains without having had a heart attack. Similarly, some patients feel hunger, but their stomach is not empty.”

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